Aircraft Performance and Aviation Management

Aircraft Performance and Aviation Management Briefly discuss about the main objectives of Air Traffic Services? This information is supported by (ivao.aero,2014) says the objectives of the air traffic services shall be to: Prevent collisions between aircraft Prevent collisions between aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic; Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required. Explain how these objectives affect the aircraft movements and ground movements. This data is supported by (faa.gov,2014) says Ground controllers must exchange information as necessary for the safe and efficient use of airport runways and movement areas. This may be accomplished via verbal means, flight progress strips, other written information, or automation displays. As a minimum, provide aircraft identification and applicable runway/intersection/taxiway information as follows: Ground control must notify local control when a departing aircraft has been taxied to a runway other than one previously designated as active. Ground control must notify local control of any aircraft taxied to an intersection for takeoff. This notification may be accomplished by verbal means or by flight progress strips. When the runways in use for landing/departing aircraft are not visible from the tower or the aircraft using them are not visible on radar, advise the local/ground controller of the aircrafts location before releasing the aircraft to the other controller. Aircraft movements This information was mentioned in (flyingwithoutfear,2014) When an aircraft starts its journey it first has to get permission to start its engines from a ground controller, then it will have to get permission to push back from its stand from another ground controller. Prior to taxi-ing it will be given instructions to take a particular route to the active runway according to its parking gate position and any other aircraft which are using the same runway. This permission will be given by yet another ground controller. Before the aircraft is given clearance to take off it will have to speak to the controller whose sole job is to give permission to aircraft to take off or land. When airborne, the pilots will change to another frequency and speak to a departure controller who will give permission for the aircraft to climb to a higher altitude. Once clear of other departing and arriving traffic the aircraft will transfer to an airways controller who will give permission for the aircraft to climb to its cruising height. The crew have to ask for permission to leave its cruising height before descending towards its destination. As the aircraft approaches the destination airport, various controllers will be responsible for its safe passage until it lands and parks at its arrival gate. Analyse the physical appearance of the control tower and its contribution to achieve these objectives and explain about the communication failure procedures. This data is mentioned in (faa.gov,n.d) says In the past, Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) siting decisions have been significantly influenced by the upper height limits imposed by terminal procedures (TERPS) and controller opinions. Because tower siting (height and location) affects airport safety and construction costs, the FAA had no means to measure quantitatively the improvement in air traffic controller visibility that can be gained by changing the tower height and location on the airport surface, and there was no required minimum criterion for tower height. This information is supported by (experimentalaircraft,2014) Preflight -During preflight make sure that you have the correct frequencies with you: check the AIP, NOTAMs, approach and/or enroute charts. Preflight also means that you need to check communications availability for the airports and the route you plan to use. If not sure then a phone call with your destination will solve that problem, also ask if they accept NORDO (No Radio) aircraft. Garmin SL40 Aircraft Radio Radios can become complex equipment when they are integrated into Garmin G1000 systems like EFIS. Standalone Icom, Bendix King or Apollo/Garmin radios are really easy to control. Having the pilots quick reference manual in your flight bag or with the aircraft documentation or manual can be a big help. It will save the day should you become confused about any function of the radio. ATC light gun -Some aviation charts depict them: ATC light gun signals. Make sure you know them by heart or carry a copy of their meaning with you. Practice these signals every once in a while. Frequency change -If contact can not be established after a frequency change, go back to the previous frequency or channel and verify with the controller that you have the correct frequency. This is first thing you must do in this case. Second radio -If you suspect that your radio has failed and you have a second one, set that frequency in the other radio and try again. When I fly an aircraft with multiple radios I plan to use all of them, and during a handover I set the next frequency into the other radio and use that one. This way I always have both radios checked and functional. Should I need to switch back, its done within a blink of an eye on the intercom panel. Squelch setting -A squelch is used to suppress the white noise when no station is transmitting, turn the knob clockwise until the noise just about disappears (on radios with an automatic squelch you need to pull or push the volume knob). Sometimes after switching and verifying that you have the correct frequency and that the radio is operating correctly it might be that you are just to far away (or flying too low) for the next station. Its signal strength is just too weak to open the squelch you will hear nothing. First thing I do is to open up the squelch manually (pull/push the volume knob) and listen to the noise/static and other aircraft and retransmit when able. Chances are that you hear them calling you just above the noise level. By the time you get closer, the signal strength will have improved enough so that you can use the squelch again. Radio Failure -It will not happen that often but radios can fail and having a second on standby will save the day. Should it happen, try pulling the fuse wait a couple of minutes and push it in again. This might reset the radio. Should this fail then and you have only one radio, set 7600 on the transponder and determine if you need to divert to an airport where NORAD aircraft are allowed. It is advisable to call ATC after landing to explain the situation. Altitude -VHF communications rely on antennas to be in line of sight of each other to be able to receive their signals. Should you not hear the other station then climb, if possible, a couple of thousand feet. This will improve the range in which you can contact stations.HF communications rely on radio wave propagation by the Earths Ionosphere and line of sight is not so much of an issue here. Relaying-At times you may find that other, possibly higher flying aircraft, are willing to relay your message to the ground station. Sometimes even without asking, because they can hear you and the ground station and its obvious to them that you can not reach or hear ATC. Transponder Aircraft Transponder The transponder code for lost communications is 7600 in any mode (A/C/S). Setting this code will ring bells in ATC facilities and you will most definately get their attention! Again, make sure to explain the situation after landing. Diversion If all else fails and your destination is a controlled airport where radio communications are mandatory, then by all means divert to an airport where you can land without a radio and have your radio checked by a radio shop before you continue on to your final destination. Overflying the signal area before entering the circuit/pattern is a wise decision at that time. Describe about the visual signals and their use, colours and effects of the markings. Also identify other markings in the manoeuvring area and their use. This information was mentioned in (tc.gc.ca,2012) says A series of green flashes directed at an aircraft means respectively in flight on the ground 1. cleared to land; cleared to taxi. 2. return for landing; cleared for take-off. 3. return for landing; cleared to taxi. 4. cleared to land; cleared for take-off. A steady red light directed at an aircraft means in flight on the ground 1. give way to other aircraft and continue circling; stop. 2. give way to other aircraft and continue circling; taxi clear of landing area in use. 3. airport unsafe do not land; taxi clear of landing area in use. 4. airport unsafe do not land; stop. A series of red flashes directed at an aircraft means respectively in flight on the ground 1. airport unsafe, do not land; taxi clear of landing area in use. 2. give way to other aircraft and continue circling; stop. 3. do not land for time being; return to starting point on airport. 4. you are in prohibited area, alter course; stop. A steady green light directed at an aircraft means respectively in flight on the ground 1. cleared to land; cleared to taxi. 2. return for landing; cleared to taxi. 3. return for landing; cleared for take-off. 4. cleared to land; cleared for take-off. A flashing white light directed at an aircraft on the manoeuvring area of an airportmeans stop. return to starting point on the airport. cleared to taxi. taxi clear of landing area in use. Blinking runway lights advises vehicles and pedestrians to return to the apron. vacate the runways immediately. be aware that an emergency is in progress; continue with caution. be aware that an emergency is in progress; hold your position. This information is mentioned in (airservicesaustralia,2013) Colourƒ Runway markings are white(although yellow taxiway centrelines may lead on,lead off, or cross the runway). Taxiway markings are yellow. Markings on aprons and in ramp areas may include other colours(e.g. it is common to mark vehicle roadways in white). Taxiway marking patterns ƒIf a marking pattern consists of two or more lines—some of which are solid and some of which are dashed—these are runway holding position markings. It is always permissible to cross from the dashed side to the solid side. ATC permission is always required to cross from the solid side to the dashed side at an aerodrome with an operating control tower. When instructed to ‘hold short’ always stop before the first solid line of the runway holding point marking as depicted below. Figure01 Intermediate Holding Positions Intermediate holding position markings show a holding position between taxiways. Youwill need to hold at these if ATC direct you to hold short of a particular taxiway. figure02 Aerodrome signs – how to get from here to there safely Along with aerodrome markings and lights, aerodrome signs are designed to assist you in navigating around an aerodrome.It is essential that you understand the colour coding and meaning of these five types of signs when taxiing on an aerodrome: 1. Location sign: Identifies the taxiway you are currently located on. It has a yellow inscription on a black background Figure03 Mandatory instruction sign: Identifies the entrance to a runway or critical area, and areas prohibited for use by aircraft. It has a white inscription on a red background. You must obtain a clearance from ATC prior to proceeding past this point Figure04 Direction sign:identifies the designations of taxiways leading out of an intersection along with an arrow indicating the approximate direction of turn needed to align the aircraft on that taxiway. They are located before the intersection, normally on the left side and normally with a location sign. It has a black inscription on a yellow background figure05 Destination sign:Identifies with arrows the directions to specific destinations on the airfield (e.g. runways, terminals or airport services). It also has a black inscription on a yellow background figure06 Sign arrays:Grouping of direction signs. Signs are orientated clockwise from left to right. Left turn signs are on the left of the location sign and right turn signs are on the right of the location sign. Figure07 Aerodrome lighting There are many different lighting combinations that may exist on some aerodromes, especially where aircraft operations are conducted in the lower visibility ranges. For taxiing operations around airfields, you should remember: Runway edge lights are white (although on runways fitted with high intensity lighting, the runway edge lights within 600 m from the end of the runway will beyellow.) Figure08 taxiway edge lights or reflectors are blue figure09 taxiway centreline lights or reflectors are green figure10 runway guard lights are flashing yellow lights (either in the pavement or located on the side of the taxiway) and highlight a runway holding point figure11 High intensity approach lighting (HIAL) is red and white Figure12 Communication capabilities of the users and the role of tower controller This information is supported by (faa.gov,2014) sat the FAAs air traffic controllers ensure the safe and efficient flight for about two million aviation passengers per day or almost one billion people per year. Air traffic controllers safely manage more than 60 million aircraft annually to their destinations. The U.S. air traffic controller workforce consists of approximately 15,000 dedicated and well-trained men and women working in air traffic control towers, terminal radar approach control centers, and en route control centers managing 30.2 million square miles of airspace. Air Traffic Control Tower Controllers Work in the glassed-in towers you see at airports. They manage traffic from the airport to a radius of 3 to 30 miles out. They give pilots taxiing and take off instructions, air traffic clearance, and advice based on their own observations and experience. They provide separation between landing and departing aircraft, transfer control of aircraft to the en route center controllers when the aircraft leave their airspace, and receive control of aircraft on flights coming into their airspace. Terminal Radar Approach Controllers Work in radar rooms, using terminal radar sensors to assist the aircraft until it reaches the edge of the facilitys airspace, usually about 20 to 50 miles from the airport and up to about 17,000 feet, before handing it off to the En Route Center Controllers En Route Center Controllers Work in 21 centers across the country, in a location away from the airport. You will never see them during the course of your flight, but they will normally direct your aircraft for the bulk of your ride. Controlling traffic usually at or above 17,000 feet, the typical center has responsibility for more than 100,000 square miles of airspace generally extending over a number of states. These controllers give aircraft instructions, air traffic clearances and advice using radar or manual procedures they keep track of the thousands of planes in the sky at any one time. Due to the radar equipment, they work in semi-darkness and guide aircraft on the scope Reference faa.gov, (2014) Chapter 3- Airport Traffic Control- Terminal. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page ivao.aero, (2014) Air traffic services. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page flyingwithoutfear, (2014) air traffic control. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page experimentalaircraft, (2014) Loss of communication. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page tc.gc.ca. (2012) 2.0 Visual Signals. [Online] Available at:Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page airservicesaustralia, (2013) 6. Aerodrome markings, signs and lights. [Online] Available at:Accessed on 3rd July 2014 Page faa.gov, (2014) Roles and Responsibilities of Air Traffic Control Facilities. [Online] Available at:Accessed on 3rd July 2014 Page 1

How to Give a Good Presentation

How to Give a Good Presentation INTRODUCTION Oral presentation is a short talk where you show your knowledge on a particular subject and deliver an address to an audience. It is also the process of speaking to a group a people. Oral presentation skills can be learnt by anyone and these skills can help you deeply if you wish to perform well in the future. Most importantly, oral presentation can really help you to improve your social skills where you can enhance your self confidence and deal with any situation. Oral presentation also can heighten your academic and professional skills because it can be used in different ways and different stages or contexts especially in academic and business context. Furthermore, oral presentation will help to improve your leadership skills as you need to learn how to present yourself to audience. In a university or college, students are always required to give oral presentations in the classroom and during seminars. The ability to demonstrate effective oral presentations is very important to their further academic success. In order to become professional presenters, they need to enhance their academic and oral skills when preparing presentations. Ferris (1998) surveyed 683 foreigner English speaking undergraduates and postgraduates in an American university and the results show that 70% always, often or sometimes had problems in formal speech. Most students lack self-confidence to give oral academic presentations, especially for learner presenters. Therefore, the strategy students use in preparing presentations is very important. Oral presentation skills include topic choosing, effective visual aid, an appropriate speech opening and organization of presentation among other things. As graduate students need to give an oral presentation in the classroom and seminars, it is impo rtant to know that successful presentations depend on skills and strategies they use. In recent years, the English language has become the most important mode of communication in the world because English is spoken by more people than any other language. In order to sound educated and literate, people need to thoroughly study English. English is also usually used for communication in universities and colleges. Most lectures are conducted in English and the students need to be more involved in understanding English so that the learning process more effective. Therefore, with having proper English, the student can focus on their learning without being hindered by lack of communication skills. Nowadays, we must use proper English and good speech if we want to advance in the professional world. While working in any field, one has to be professional and studying English is important in order to gain a good career in your life. One has to attend training classes for English where one can learn more words to expand ones vocabulary. Having to learn more words makes you able to pronounce them with ease and that can make your communication and speech skills better. While studying English at school, college or university, it is impossible to get an A grade in English, in terms of communication, if you cannot speak the language. Spoken English is used in the best careers, the best universities, and is increasingly being used at job interviews. SPEAKING IN A FORMAL ACADEMIC CONTEXT Speaking within the academic context is becoming an important as teaching methods change to involve more joint projects and group marks. It is therefore important to try to be more aware of what is involved in seminar or group activity and to learn some of the interactional language that is used there. It is important to practice making presentations, taking part in discussions on academic topics and so on. As a university or college student, you are learning how to speak formally with your lecturers in the classroom. Learning how to speak in formal term can avoid miscommunication or misunderstanding. Moreover, understanding the characteristics of communication may also help you to become a better communicator in your college, personal life and professional career. Below are the dos and donts in a speaking in a formal academic context; Dos: Speak in a proper English Speak loudly and clearly. Sound confident. Speak slowly to get understanding and respect for what you are saying To make your audience feel involved, use your eye contact and body language Donts: Dont speak in broken English Dont mumble and sound not confident Dont read word by word from your text Dont waste your audiences time by speaking about something which is not relevant to the topic Dont hide behind something and cause the audience not to be able to see you clearly As we understand, there are many definitions of communication. Carl Rogers (1952) defined communication as listening, understanding and interpreting the message; Elizabeth Tierney (1998) defined it as you deliver the message, audience receives, reacts and responds to your message; Julia Wood (2009) defined it as delivering a message through symbols to create and interpret data and Joseph Devito (2009) said that communication is a process where one person or more sends and receives message, distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect and provides for feedback. In summary, the definition of communication is the process by which information is exchanged between senders and receivers with the aim of achieving mutual understanding. In communication, there are three models which are; Linear Model Views communication as a straight line where communication process is only in one direction. Laswells (1948) designed communication using the one way process; Shannon and Weavers (1949) added noise as a component between senders and receivers. Interactive Model Schramm (1955) shows that there is still a sender, receiver, message and noise but receiver providing feedback to sender. Both take turns to speak and listen to each other especially in their field experiences. The third model communication however is the one that is most often used; Transactional Model Wood (2001), shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. When we look at people talking to each other, it is easy to see that while we do take turns, sometimes we talk simultaneously or we may talk to one another. David Worley (2008) said there is no time laps sending and receiving message in transactional model. People send and receive message simultaneously, act as senders and receivers at the same time at least two places at once. In the transactional model, two people communicate with multiple messages through what may be multiple channels and with parallel messages. As with other models, the messages may be distorted and the people may be distracted, resulting in misunderstanding that fuels and hinders the model. We often speak in a transactional way, where we exchange messages. In doing so we may also be exchanging values to one another, for example in a greeting where each person gives the other a sense of comfort through a defined transac tional ritual. The actual transaction can be highly dependent on context. For example the transactions between people at home is often quite different between those at work or on the street. The transactional character between teacher and student is worth noting. They influence each other. We have all had teachers that seem to treat us with disfavor. The result is that we may react negatively to being treated as such. Ironically, the negative responses reinforce the teachers original attitudes and expectation. This is also quite evident in children/parent relationships. Parenting is not based just on what parents think they should do. Children influence parents just as much as parents influence their children. Public speaking is the way of delivering a speech in front of an audience. Speaking in front of a group of people takes a lot of bravery and detailed preparation. To be a good public speaker one needs skills and strategies. Public speaking skills are the key to success in almost any profession. Public speaking skills are important not only in making professional presentations but also to build professional network. Whether it is small talk or academic presentation, the ability to present oneself effectively is a deciding factor of career related success in academics. With a few strategies, it is possible to reach the set goals respectively. To make the presentation effective, the presenter must consider a few elements and the most important element is the audience. You need to know your audiences characteristic and the diversity of the audience. It is very important to know your audience in delivering your speech. Before the speech, you will analyze your audience more than while you are actually presenting the speech (Grice Skinner, 2007). The types of information needed in audience analysis are stated as below; Age to consider the age range because there is a need to use information that is familiar to the listeners; Gender men and women share a broad range of experiences and different socialization, topic can be made relevant to both genders; Education the audience has a variety of educational backgrounds and it is can affect the topic chosen to spoken about and how to approach the topic; Professional the audience has a variety of professional backgrounds. Needs to know the job requirement for each employee and not confuse a topic with a professional function; Level of Knowledge and Experience the presenter must know the knowledge and experience level of the audience so that the presenter can better focus on the presentation and deliver information using the right level of detail. Languages It is an important medium of exchange between presenter and audience. Do not talk down to the audience and avoid oversimplifying the examples. The choice of language will either benefit or interrupt learning. If the latter occurs it could obstruct the interaction between you and an audience (Garmston Wellman, 1992). PREPARING AN ORAL PRESENTATION Delivering an effective oral presentation needs good preparation. Preparing for an oral presentation is as important as delivering the presentation. If your preparation is not good enough, your goal for your message to be clear, organized and well thought out cannot be achieved. In order to prepare an oral presentation, you need to; Choose a topic that you are understand and are familiar with and your audience can easily understand. Study your topic and use other sources such as internet, books, articles and experts to enhance your presentation. The topic should be interesting, easy to search and locate reliable sources. Verify the purpose of presentation because oral presentation has so many topics and varies. It is depends on the message that you will deliver. Analyze the audience and know their expectations. Think about their age, values, gender, education and knowledge level. Structuring your presentation structure your presentation by giving an introduction, main ideas and conclusion. Structuring your presentation can avoid confusion and frustration to the audience. Introduction inform your topic and explain to the audience what your presentation will cover. Provide an outline of the main points. You also can provide any necessary background to make your presentation more interesting. A good introduction will capture an audience attention. Main ideas/content develop your main points and give an example and evidence. Make sure that your information is well-structured and provide clear connections between main points, explanations and examples. Conclusion summarise your main points and do not give any new information in the conclusion. Restate the main points to show that you have covered all the points and achieved your aim to deliver the message effectively. Invite the audience to questions and re-answer the question. Organize the topics information and your material, write a draft and summarise it in card notes. You must be able to understand your card notes in order to deliver them to an audience. Make your card notes easy to see and read. Use your card notes as a guide to help you remember what needs to be said. Think about the length of time you have to speak and the amount of information you can include. Plan and prepare your visual aids. Learn the use of Powerpoint well before your presentation. Do the simple visual aids and do not confuse your audience with unnecessary use of animation, sound clips or colors which are not connected to your topic. Examples; Your visual aids should help the audience understand the topic better. Rehearse your presentation in an environment that is similar to where you will be giving your presentation and get its length right. Practice in front of your friends or family and use your visual aids. You also can tape yourself so that you can identify your areas of weakness and improve on it. Practice and time your presentation by using a stopwatch in order to make sure that your presentation does not exceed the time limit or is too short. MAKING AN EFFECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATION Making an effective oral presentation involves focusing on the needs of your audience, careful planning and good delivery of your speech. An important step when you give your presentation is how you introduce or begin your topic of presentation. The introduction is important because it is used to lure audience to listening to what you have to say. The purpose is to catch the attention of your audience. Make your introduction as brief as possible because long introductions tend to bore the audience. The main aim of speech introduction is to introducing speech topic and its purpose. Begin your introduction speech with the following; Greet your audience with a sincere smile. It should start with a courtesy greeting such as good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Introduce your name again even though you are already been introduced. Saying your name personalizes things and affords you some time to focus your thoughts on your speech. The first line must contain information about you. Ask the audience a rhetorical question. Do not expect it to be answered by your audience. Actually you use the question to set the outline for your speech. You give an answer and then build the interest. Make a very controversial statement. Start your speech by telling the audience something that they do not know. It can be an interesting statistic or a controversial idea. Provoking the thoughts of the audience will keep them interested to hear your upcoming speech. Give a definition of an expert to enhance your credibility. You also can use definitions from dictionaries or other authoritative sources. If you use this technique make sure you find an interesting definition and deliver it with impact. Ask a proactive question which allows the audience to become part of the speech. You are sure of grabbing their attention with a question especially if it is related to the subject matter of the presentation. Starting your speech with a question helps to engage your audience mentally as they will seek to find answers to the question you asked even if you do not specifically request a response from them. In your presentation, when presenting the content or the middle of your speech, you need to respect your audiences aptitude for facts, figures and data without patronizing the audience with gimmicks. You need to deliver the information they want to hear such as the definition of terms, describing the situation, facts, figure, references or examples. Concluding speeches are also very important in your oral presentation. A good conclusion sensibly reinforces your ideas and enhances your speech. You can conclude your speech by a restatement of your speech, summarize main points in a brief and concise manner and use references but do not use the same device in the conclusion. When you are presenting in front of your audience, it is very important to know how you are being perceived. Below are the tips on how to make your presentation more effective; Body Language adopt a confident posture. Walk confidently to the stage for your speech. Standing, walking or moving around with arms relaxed at the side Appearance Dress professionally depending on where you are presenting. Be aware of your dress according to the dress code of society who will be your audience. Dress nicely and groom yourself before make the presentation Voice speak in a loud, clear voice with correct pronunciation. Use standard language to make sure that your audience will understand clearly and deliver the message effectively. Adjust your voice accordingly to make sure that everyone can hear your speech. Avoid speaking too fast or continuously without pause. The pause can allow yourself and the audience time to reflect and think. CONCLUSION Oral presentation plays an important part in the assessment especially in the academic context. It is an effective tool to support your success in your future career. Oral presentation skills can enhance your confidence level to become a better communicator in college, personal life and professional career. To make sure that your oral presentation is effective, it is so important to plan the presentation with good preparation. Be well organized and confident of the content. Be aware of your body language when presenting your speech. Be an effective presenter by planning your speech, preparing good visual aids and understanding clearly all areas of the presentation.

Good Use :: Teaching Writing Education Essays

Good Use (Memo sent to co-workers from the president of a Fortune 200 company) Yo, hommies...Your work here has been the bomb lately. Let's meet at that happening bar and guzzle down some. If you can't come, give da man a jungle! Da Prez. (A letter sent to a kindergardener from his parents) Dear Son, On this being your first day on your road of formal education, we wish you well. Please acquire vast knowledge, have great enjoyment, and we will await your return to inform us about your duration at school. Look over these two examples of writing. Neither of them seem acceptable here. Might it be because 'Good Use' was not put to good use? These two examples of writing may be exceptable for some people but they are definitely are not acceptable in these situations. For example, because a president of a Fortune 200 company holds such a prestigious position in the work force, he should not be portraying a gang style image to his employees. On the other hand, a child should not be expected to understand the stuffy-languaged letter from his parents. There are several classes of writing that are used everyday between different people. A person who is able to judge when to use a particular style of writing in a given circumstance and is able to use it proficiently is a person who knows how to use the English language well. As I said, there are many classes of correct English depending upon what situation you are in. A young child would not have an extensive vocabulary so their accepted written English would be of a very simple and possibly misspelled style. An African-American teenager may write in Ebonics and try to stylize the writing to portray a gang image if he/she is trying to act tough amongst their friends. High school and college students would write in the "cool" language that is accepted amongst their peers, abbreviate words, and have incomplete sentence structure because between friends, they would know what each is talking about. Also, a business professional would write in polite terms and use knowledgeable words pertaining to their particular field of work. One single person may have several classes of correct English that they use throughout their day. One example may be of a graduate student. This graduate student goes to school, has friends, and may have a job in their field of study. Therefore, this person would use his written business English style at his workplace, the "cool" English style of writing among friends, and a scholarly English style for his graduate school work.

Comparing the Blues and Jean Toomers Cane :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing the Blues and Jean Toomer's Cane "The difference between the possibility of Black life and the Reality of Black Life is the Blues" (McKeever 196) Debate centers around the structure of Jean Toomer's introspective work Cane. Whether viewed as a novel or a collection of short stories and poems, the impressions are poignant and compelling. They are full of passion and depict a writer casting a critical eye towards himself and his surroundings. The work is often read as a "portrait of the artist as a young man" more specifically a black man making his way in the South. As such, Cane is suffused with quest imagery and on a number of levels the work functions as a young man's introspective search for himself, his race and his place within both. On the surface a discussion of the "blues" may seem a bit high-minded. How seriously can one take works entitled "Aggravatin Papa," "Need a Little Sugar in my Bowl," "Gimme a Pigfoot and a Bottle of Beer, "when placed next to a work of such literary boldness as Cane; a work that William Braithwhite gushingly refers to as "a book of gold and bronze, of dusk and flame, of ecstasy and pain, and Jean Toomer is a bright morning star of a new day of the race in literature" (Baker 16). A closer examination of both forms reveal startling similarities in theme, structure and content and that most important attribute - spirit.

Death penalty/capital punishment

It makes people think twice about their actions, instil fear evidence Michael Summers, PhD, MBA, Professor of Management Science at Pepperdine University, wrote in his Nov. 2, 2007 article â€Å"Capital Punishment Works† in the Wall Street Journal: â€Å"†¦ [O]ur recent research shows that each execution carried out is correlated with about 74 fewer murders the following year†¦ The study examined the relationship between the number of executions and the number of murders in the U. S. for the 26-year period from 1979 to 2004, using data from publicly available FBI sources†¦ There seems to be an obvious negative correlation in that when executions increase, murders decrease, and when executions decrease, murders increase†¦ Paul H. Rubin, PhD, Professor of Economics at Emory University â€Å"Recent research on the relationship between capital punishment and homicide has created a consensus among most economists who have studied the issue that capital punishment deters murder. Early studies from the 1970s and 1980s reached conflicting results. However, recent studies have exploited better data and more sophisticated statistical techniques. The modern refereed studies have consistently shown that capital punishment has a strong deterrent effect, with each execution deterring between 3 and 18 murders†¦ 2) Justice for the victim is achieved only through the death penalty. Refutation, opposition says it does not bring justice because mistakenly convict the innocent person With the life sentence the criminal somehow still gets back on the streets and then might kill again. The people who survive need a peace of mind that the person who committed the crime can never come after them again. ife sentence does not work out; the judicial system gives a person life sentence but somehow they get back on the streets and statistics show that nearly 30 convicted killers released from jail over the past 10 years have gone on to kill again thanks to the â€Å"fair† judicial system. Evidence Frederick A. Romano remembers his mother's panic-filled voice as she talked to his father, of himself grabbing the phone only to hear hi s father tell him that his older sister had been hurt. â€Å"It's justice,† Fred Romano said. â€Å"It's not revenge. † His wife, Vicki Romano, agreed, then elaborated. â€Å"Revenge would be going out and killing one of [the murderer's] family members,† Vicki Romano said. â€Å"The death penalty isn't revenge. It's the law. † FactsMarch 31st, 2009| | There are many reasons the death penalty should be abolished. It is a complex issue and it is difficult to point to any single fact or argument as the most important. 1) Executions are carried out at staggering cost to taxpayers. It costs far more to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life. A 2011 study found that California has spent more than $4 billion on capital punishment since it was reinstated in 1978 and that death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials seeking a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. California currently spends $184 million on the death penalty each year and is on track to spend $1 billion in the next five years. 2) There is no credible evidence that capital punishment deters crime. Scientific studies have consistently failed to demonstrate that executions deter people from committing crime anymore than long prison sentences. Moreover, states without the death penalty have much lower murder rates. The South accounts for 80% of US executions and has the highest regional murder rate. 3) Innocent people have been convicted and executed. The wrongful execution of an innocent person is an injustice that can never be rectified. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty, 140 men and women have been released from Death Row nationally†¦. some only minutes away from execution. Moreover, in the past two years evidence has come to light which indicates that four men may have been wrongfully EXECUTED in recent years for crimes they did not commit. This error rate is simply appalling, and completely unacceptable, when we are talking about life and death. 4) Race plays a role in determining who lives and who dies. The race of the victim and the race of the defendant in capital cases are major factors in determining who is sentenced to die in this country. In 1990 a report from the General Accounting Office concluded that â€Å"in 82 percent of the studies [reviewed], race of the victim was found to influence the likelihood of being charged with capital murder or receiving the death penalty, i. . those who murdered whites were more likely to be sentenced to death than those who murdered blacks. † 5) The death penalty is applied at random. Politics, quality of legal counsel and the jurisdiction where a crime is committed are more often the determining factors in a death penalty case than the facts of the crime itself. The death penalty is a lethal lottery: of the 22,000 homicides committed every year approximately 150 peopl e are sentenced to death. 7) The USA is keeping company with notorious human rights abusers. The vast majority of countries in Western Europe, North America and South America — more than 139 nations worldwide — have abandoned capital punishment in law or in practice. The United States remains in the same company as Iraq, Iran and China as one of the major advocates and users of capital punishment. 8) Millions currently spent on the death penalty could be used to assist the families of murder victims. Many family members who have lost love ones to murder feel that the death penalty will not heal their wounds nor will it end their pain; the extended process prior to executions can prolong the agony experienced by the family. Funds now being used for the costly process of executions could be used to help families put their lives back together through counseling, restitution, crime victim hotlines, and other services addressing their needs. 9) Bad Lawyers are a Persistent Problem in Capital Cases Perhaps the most important factor in determining whether a defendant will receive the death penalty is the quality of the representation he or she is provided. Almost all defendants in capital cases cannot afford their own attorneys. In many cases, the appointed attorneys are overworked, underpaid, or lacking the trial experience required for death penalty cases. There have even been instances in which lawyers appointed to a death case were so inexperienced that they were completely unprepared for the sentencing phase of the trial. Other appointed attorneys have slept through parts of the trial, or arrived at the court under the influence of alcohol. 10) Life Without Parole is a Sensible Alternative to the Death Penalty In every state that retains the death penalty, jurors have the option of sentencing convicted capital murderers to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The sentence is cheaper to tax-payers and keeps violent offenders off the streets for good. Unlike the death penalty, a sentence of Life Without Parole also allows mistakes to be corrected. There are currently over 3,300 people in California who have received this alternative sentence, which also has a more limited appeals process last approximately 3 years. According to the California Governor's Office, only seven people sentenced to life without parole have been released since the state provided for this option in 1977, and this occurred because they were able to prove their innocence.

Representation of gender in Men Behaving Badly and Absolutely Fabulous Essay

Compare how the representation of gender is constructed by the way character’s appearance and dialogue in your two chosen television programmes In comparing Men Behaving Badly and Absolutely Fabulous I will find both differences and similarities in gender construction. Absolutely Fabulous is heavily set towards extreme female stereotypes and the male characters are mainly weak, whereas in Men Behaving Badly the male characters are more dominant and their attitudes and relationships to the female characters is more obvious. In the Absolutely Fabulous episode Menopause, there are many stereotypes regarding women. Through Edina we see the woman struggling to be a mother, have a career and delay the ageing progress. Edina wears clothes inappropriate to her age and applies a lot of vibrant coloured makeup to try and make herself appear youthful and fashionable which she miserable fails to do. Edwina’s language throughout the episode is far from the traditional stereotype of women being ladylike and polite. Edina is much the opposite, a very loud and flamboyant woman. This contributes much to her character as it emphasises her struggle to keep herself young and stylish. In this particular episode we see Edina’s PR company failing to strive alongside the rival company, and it shows the viewers Edina’s desperate desire to become famous and popular, which gives reason to her appearance. Edina’s attitude of old age is revealed when Patsy, her best friend and the person she is most clo se to, shows signs of age. Edina shrieks in horror at Patsy’s weak bones, and insists the menopause support group sit on bin bags. Although these actions are extreme, viewers who also fear the problems ageing brings may relate to her panic. The role of Patsy is played even more raucous and brash then Edina. Patsy’s character wears much more sophisticated clothes then Edina, although her make up is not as vibrant it is still thickly implied. This implies perhaps Patsy is just as scared of ageing as Edina, and her makeup is there to cover up tell-tale signs of ageing such as wrinkles and lines. In this episode Patsy appears in Edina’s daughters daydream, and in this we see Patsy acting the opposite of how she usually does. Patsy decides to have a baby, constantly wears an apron and speaks much more polite and quietly then her normal self. Through this opposite view of Patsy we get an idea of what her characteristics are normally. Through her dialogue in this daydream we hear comments that imply Patsy has never had a maternal instinct before. In telling Edina of her decision to have a baby, Edina cries â€Å"But you don’t have ovaries!† to which Patsy calmly replies â€Å"I do! They found them lodged up by my ribs were that silly Arab doctor put them!† Patsy’s dialogue conveys a lot of information about her character to the audience. The way Patsy reacts to her easily broken wrist shows her denial at the seriousness of her condition, and her reluctance to go to the doctor shows deep down she knows she is ageing. Patsy and Edina’s lifestyle is not that of responsible middle age women, at the very beginning of this episode we see the two of them using drugs and in their confusion mistaking a phone ringing for illogical things such as bees and shoes. The responsible character in the house is ironically Edina’s daughter Saffron. Saffron is a young university student and this group would normally be stereotyped as being careless, rebellious and wild, though in a reverse stereotype Saffron is in fact very sensible and intelligent! Saffron is dressed in smart trousers and a brown woolly pullover, has unruly hair and wears smart glasses. These clothes are not the sort of fashion for a girl her age, and it emphasises her reversal on the normal student stereotype. It is amusing to the audience as the mother and daughter seem to take on each other’s normal stereotypical characteristics. Edina hanging out with her best friend taking drugs, and Saffron attempting to control her. In comparison, the male characters of Men Behaving Badly lack responsibility and this relates to Edina’s neglect of parental duty. Gary shows lack of responsibility in his relationship with Dorothy, as he can’t seem to decide whether to kick out his best friend Tony or his girlfriend. As a thirty year old men it would seem obvious to choose Tony to leave, but the fact he debates over makes the scenario seem immature and amusing to the viewers. Gary is dressed smartly and although he runs a security company, he dresses his ageing employers in absurd security outfits which highlights his childish side. Gary talks in slang about Dorothy, referring to her as ‘his bird’ which shows he perhaps doesn’t respect her as a girlfriend quite as much as he should do at his age, as the term is more used with younger men as references to their new and latest conquest. Gary seems to value his late night drinks with his ‘mate’ Tony so much he actually considers Dorothy second best to him, and the stress of their reactions causes him to have nightmares ending in tragedy over him, which is ironic since they both move out in the end! Tony’s character is much more ‘laddish’ then Gary as he seems much more lazy and careless. Tony has no job and spends the entire episode thinking of ways to get his female neighbour into bed, and then attempting to tattoo himself. His clothes are scruffy and look old and well worn and he doesn’t seem to make much effort with his appearance. Tony is being stereotyped as what some people would perceive as a ‘normal man’, though perhaps more exaggerated than normal. His love of beer and his ‘mates’ make him fit the male pub crowd, his scruffy clothes and lack of interest in his appearance and his casual language and constant use of swearing is all seen as very manly. His attitude to Debs, his neighbour, is also a typical stereotype of men that only think about sex. Debs is a single, blonde attractive woman upstairs from the other three characters, and is constantly lusted after by Tony. Deb’s clothes are fashionable and sophisticated and she acts very ladylike. Deb’s appearance shows she looks after herself and takes time with her makeup and clothes. Deb’s character contrasts with the characteristics of Dorothy, who simply rushes out of the door once she is dressed in her nurse’s uniform. Dorothy is dark haired and is in a relationship with Gary, Dorothy looks smart but doesn’t seem to bother much with her appearance and make up, which shows her relaxed attitude around Gary. It highlights the idea that when women are single they make more effort with themselves, and it relates to Gary’s attitude to living with Dorothy. â€Å"Living with your bird is a bit like living at home with your parents. You have to keep your room tidy and you can’t put up the posters you want!† Dorothy uses sarcasm around Gary, and it seems she is just as bored of him as he is of her. Dorothy does not seem to show much affection to Gary, when she addresses him she uses a flat tone with not much emotion in her voice. Through Dorothy’s dialogue the viewers can pick up on faults in their relationship and her attitudes to Gary.

Conceptual Development Reasoning And Implications Commerce Essay

Many of us execute systematically with persons from other societies and making. Every so frequently this goes good, and the societal fluctuations are exciting and heightening. However, sometimes factors can travel wrong, for factors that we may non grok. This is where it ‘s indispensable to grok the fluctuations between societies, so that we can execute with persons more successfully, and avoid uncertainness. This essay offers with finding the relationship between organisational and national civilization. Likewise, this essay besides offers with the jobs coming up from fluctuations in national civilizations in leading, and the troubles confronted by worldwide companies, or companies using workers with different national backgrounds and operating in a different national civilization with respects to its caput office organisational civilization. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner ‘s Seven Dimensions of Culture help us screen this out. We will look at the seven dimensions in this essay, and research their functionality utilizing existent life cases of world-wide corporations such as McDonalds, British Petroleum, The UpJohn Company, Pharmacia AB and Farmitalia.Conceptual Development, Reasoning and DeductionsIn a managerial construct, civilization is a by and large investigated subject. A nexus is frequently attracted between a powerful organisational civilization and domination in the indus try. Culture is formed by a company ‘s sole history and situational development. It can be described as the values, doctrines and objectives more or less common to the company ‘s members. It impacts the manner a company does concern and makes known appropriate workers, clients, providers, and challengers. A ace director is person who is capable of engrafting the organisations rules and norms into employees so they non merely cognize what is anticipated of them, but are dying to execute in such a manner as to profit the company and this helps him make agencies of significance and acknowledgment by offering an environment that is carry throughing for its workers and clients. ( Scott & A ; Davis, 2007 ) Similarly a state ‘s civilization comprises of the beliefs, traditions, and imposts of the persons populating in that peculiar geographical part. How persons interact with fellow people, how they act with their household, their linguistic communication, their nutrient and household traditions are all aligned with the criterions and moralss of their state. Cultures normally vary in connexions between the person and community, different behaviors of undertaking issues, the extent of independency they get from the governments, their demonstrativeness and their political orientation of religious orders and gender. All of these things are much like organisational civilization, merely on a grander scope. These societal rules can sketch how persons anticipate organisations to be run, and how dealingss between leaders and followings should be. Several times the cultural distance consequences in great fluctuations that can do serious jobs for the direction of the worldwide companies. Hence when organisations plan to boom their organisations beyond the regional restrictions of their state and besides manage a diverse squad of persons, Trompenaars Seven Dimensions of Lifestyle is one of the cultural appraisal theoretical accounts that come in ready to hand. To understand the persons from different societal makings better, this theoretical account helps, which in bend decreases the possibilities of uncertainness and misinterpretations which can be confronted by organisations did they take to work in a new state without wholly cognizing the national civilization. ( Trompenaars & A ; Hampden-Turner, 1997 ) Trompenaars discovered the cultural immoderatenesss and the disbelief that can happen when making concern across civilizations, utilizing preliminary analysis including 15,000 workers in 50 states. Trompenaars arrived at seven alone dimensions of civilization, which will be elaborated as we proceed, by utilizing the questionnaire responses in his survey. These dimensions can assist organisations plan in front by acquiring to cognize and analyse the national civilization of the state that they plan to work in. Besides these dimensions can be used as an indicant to the challenges and problems they might confront in carry throughing their marks. ( Trompenaars & A ; Hampden-Turner, 1997 )Universalism versus ParticularismIn universalistic societies guidelines are applied in all state of affairss, irrespective of peculiar conditions or fortunes. However Particularism refers to flexing the guidelines harmonizing to the job in manus, after judging it decently. Harmonizing to Trompenaars â₠¬Ëœ decisions, Switzerland, Canada, and the United States are among the most Universalistic states. Whereas Russia, Korea, and China sit on the particularistic subdivision of the graduated table and are in fact are the most particularistic of states. Hence it can be comprehended from this fact that if a company which is based in a universalistic state decides to spread out its operations to a particularistic state, of course it will travel through a tough clip pull offing and seting to the patterns of the local employees. For a better apprehension of this phenomenon Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s see the illustration of when the Italian manner of direction had clashed with the Swedes ‘ ain methods of making things, following the coup d'etat of Farmitalia ( portion of Montedison ) by Pharmacia Ab, a Swedish drug organisation, in 1993. Italians are used to a particularistic manner of direction. They besides give their close relations an improved value as in comparing to their professi on and most normally will go forth work to go to to a ill household member or aid with child care, which the Swedes frown upon. ( Burton & A ; Frank, 1997 )Individualism versus BolshevismBolshevism refers to the inclination of people to remain in groups and assist each other. It besides puts a greater value on the public assistance and consentaneous understanding of the whole society, on cardinal issues, as compared to the penchants and demands of an person. Whereas individuality encourages the opposition of external influences, from the community, on accomplishing a individual ‘s aims, encourages self-freedom and is typically denoted as a representative of a modern society. In a nut shell this dimension cores on whether remarkable rights and criterions are supplanting or secondary to those of the communal society. The most individualist states are Canada, the United States, Switzerland, and the UK. Among the most leftist are Japan, Egypt, India, Nepal and Kuwait. ( Trompenaar s & A ; Hampden-Turner, 1997 ) These types of cultural differences can present tremendous challenges to organisations, as civilizations can non be altered overnight. It takes strategic in front of clip planning to intermix into some foreign state ‘s civilization expeditiously. Otherwise the costs associated with the changeless failures are immense. An illustration which is tailored to this type of a state of affairs is when McDonald ‘s had to cover with in Japan. Eating together at the same tabular array is most of import to the Japanese. One of the most of import undertakings of nutrients is conveying people aboard one another and set uping a communal feeling. Rice, which is sent to the tabular array in a common platter, is the spirit of a nutrient that ties household members and trades societal interactions. In contrast McDonald ‘s Burgers are intended to be self-sufficiently and can non be shared. Not merely does the nutrients, but besides the existent agreement of the dining countries in McDo nalds ‘s Japan falls short to include the property of commensality. McDonald ‘s in Ginza, Japan was free from tabular arraies and seats. In fact there were counters in which clients were supposed to eat their nutrients on the spell. So these elements acted against the will of McDonald ‘s nevertheless As McDonald ‘s grew in Japan, dining countries increasingly involved Tables and chairs. ( Varma & A ; Doris, 2006 ) ( Public Broadcasting Service of the United States, 1997 )Impersonal versus EmotionalThis implies as to what extent the shows of emotions are considered acceptable in the workplace. More meaningfully it indicates whether psychological or really subjective ( instead than aim ) signifiers of rating are believed to be the base for good devising determinations in organisations. Some civilizations place greater value on information based and systematic determination devising by professionals. In contrast others feel that positions, inherent aptitude, and gut emotions are believable or legitimate demands. Understanding and moving in conformity to a community ‘s emotionalism poses as a immense challenge to Multinational companies. In add-on the linguistic communication barrier, which really can be tackled to some extent, besides plays its portion really good. For case on 27 July 2010 British Petroleum announced that, by common understanding with the BP board, British national Tony Hayward, who had been in charge of one of the universe ‘s largest organisations for the last three old ages, is to step down as group head executive. He will be succeeded by fellow executive manager Robert Dudley, an American Citizen. This determination came frontward as a consequence to the Mexican Gulf catastrophe which is considered the worst environmental bad lucks of all time. Hayward had been accused by American Journalists for deficiency of committedness, concern and apologies, when the incident took topographic point. These allegations were unusual, because it is improbable for a Chief executive officer to remain are n't bothered when his company is accountable for such a catastrophe. One of the cardinal constituents of this instance is the nationality and life style of Hayward. As a British national, his interaction manner differed from the People of America. He was less likely to demo his feelings freely. English are well-known for their consecutive face and deficiency of emotional show – hence the reaction from the American populace. ( British Petroleum, 2010 )Specific versus DiffuseThis dimension focuses on the society ‘s response towards the construct of work topographic point dealingss w idening outside the workplace. Societies that show diffuse dealingss have a inclination to widen the formal workplace relation and duties, which besides include hierarchal place, into societal twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours state of affairss, On the contrary societies exposing Specific dealingss, are the exact antonym. This surely is a critical to be a sensitive facet issue international directors, as a director can merely judge his employees, the biggest plus of a company, accurately when he is non anticipating a batch out of them. If an international company maps in a society which, unlike its central office ‘ civilization, portrays specific dealingss, so it will of course anticipate manner more from its employees than they are ready to supply. This leads to misconceptions and poorer employer-employee relationship.Achievement versus AttributionThis measuring denotes a individual ‘s place within organisations, contrasting those societies where place, dependabili ty, authorization, and finally power are largely based on excellence ( achieved ) against those where category, sex, instruction, or age are by and large the interpretation characteristics ( position is ascribed ) . Once once more these contrasting cultural values can do misconceptions and demoralisation among the employees sing clang between their and the company ‘s construct of just publicities or wagess. ( Trompenaars & A ; Hampden-Turner, 1997 )Attitude towards clipOpinions of clip normally associate with promptness for meetings and work end product deadlines. Swedes and other northern Western societies are by and large punctual and program harmonizing to precise agendas. Many southern European and Arabic societies see promptness and day of the month flawlessness as far less of import. Besides it is indispensable for a company to map in a foreign society, with people from different cultural background, to hold minimal differences towards their and the society ‘s atti tude towards clip. In 1995 after the amalgamation took topographic point, Upjohn Company of the United States and Pharmacia AB of Sweden ( with operations in Italy ) , came to appreciate how significant these unsimilarities were. Swedes take off most of the 30 yearss of July for their one-year holiday, Italians take off most of August. Unwittingly, US professionals planned meetings in the summers, merely to hold to end many because their European opposite numbers were on a holiday. ( Burton & A ; Frank, 1997 ) ( Thomas, 2000 )Attitude towards the environmentSocieties runing concern have established two chief orientations towards nature. They either believe that they can modulate nature by commanding their will upon it, or they believe that adult male is portion of nature and must travel with its Torahs, guidelines and powers. Among the first of these orientations, the organisation is comprehended ofA as a machine that submits to the will of its operators. The 2nd have a inclination to see an organisation as a merchandise of nature, owing its advancement to the foods in its environment.DecisionTrompenaars ‘ seven dimensions have been used in a assortment of ways to derive penetrations into different sorts of jobs that an international organisation might confront while working in a different National civilization to that of its central offices. In a broad-spectrum they specify the organisational features we can assume from organisations founded in certain states or controlled by certain populations. Each of the seven dimensions highlighted by Trompenaars must be given particular importance as a guideline to understand fluctuations in different civilizations and for the challenges that they might confront in front. This in bend helps avoid unwanted state of affairss, doing important pecuniary and non-monetary losingss to International Organizations working outside their Cultural range.